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In the low risk group, the nodal elective CTV will be reduced by exclusion of the common iliac region. In the intermediate risk group the target will include the common iliac nodes with inclusion of the aortic bifurcation, internal iliac, external iliac, obturator, and presacral nodal regions and groins in case of distal vaginal infiltration. In the high risk group the para-aortic region will be included in the target. Certain rules were given for adaption according to international guidelines.
As stated above 3. The number of patients accrued to the study is determined by the requirement for an appropriate precision confidence interval with which disease and morbidity actuarial outcome can be benchmarked at 3 years. While disease and patient characteristics of the cohort may change over time, the assumed benefits are expected to be present in comparable groups which are balanced for example according to prognostic and treatment related factors. With a study accrual period of 4 years from to , it is expected to reach a total number of patients of patients: , , , Secondary endpoints comprise cancer specific survival, and disease specific survival.
The specific hypotheses are defined on two different levels. The first level is related to treatment characteristics in terms of technique as well as dose and volume parameters for targets and OARs.
The second level of specific hypotheses is related to the clinical effects of the change of practice in terms of local, nodal, systemic control and morbidity as well as survival and quality of life. The strongest prognostic predictors for overall survival are at present stage and nodal status, and the hypothesis on overall survival is therefore stated for the overall cohort as well as for two groups according to the risk of disease-related death.
The group at higher risk is defined as any patients with stage III disease or higher local stage as well as any node positive patients enlarged nodes, PET positive nodes, nodes proven by histology.
The current level of practice in EMBRACE is listed column 2 , and the effect of the change of practice on technique as well as dose and volume parameters has been quantified into a number of hypotheses column 3. Also adjuvant chemotherapy will be used in high risk patients according to center decision. Vaginal stenosis decreases by 0. In addition, EBRT provides a basis of homogenous dose on which the steep dose gradient of brachytherapy takes off to achieve the very high dose needed to obtain local control of the primary tumour.
At the same time, the dose outside of the EBRT target s should evidently be as low as possible. A further decrease of treatment related toxicity is expected from IGRT approaches. For EMBRACE II, pragmatic choices have been made in order to allow safe state of the art treatment delivery within the current clinical workflows of participating centres. To maintain and improve the excellent pelvic control local and regional 4.
To improve para-aortic control by elective para-aortic irradiation in high risk patients HR LN and by elective common iliac nodal irradiation incl. To maintain and improve the excellent nodal control through simultaneous hypofractionated integrated boosting SIB and coverage probability CoP dose planning for treatment of pathological lymph nodes 6.
Among the most important are the local spread FIGO stage , histology and lymph node spread. The pattern of lymph node recurrence has two predominant areas: within the radiation field in the obturator region in-field , at the cranial field border marginal and in the para-aortic region outside radiation field Verma J. The aim is to reduce morbidity in the low risk group and to improve nodal and systemic control in the intermediate and high risk group.
Risk groups are defined in table 9. This is a general outline, giving the major pathways for tailoring nodal targets based on risk group allocation. Such general outline leaves some space for specific clinical situations where some outstanding clinical features not listed in detail here may be taken into account, such as large lymph node size, for defining e. PET-CT is strongly recommended, but optional.
The use of intravenous contrast media for the treatment planning CT is optional but use is recommended to ease identification of structures of interest. The choice for immobilization devices is according to the clinical routine of the individual institutes.
Full and empty bladder scans give information about the range of internal motion of the target volumes, and this can be exploited when defining an individualized ITV as discussed in section 9. Having multiple diagnostic and treatment planning imaging series available with different combinations of bladder and bowel filling, usually from different days contributes further to defining the individualized ITV.
Thus, pertinent diagnostic-imaging sequences may be used. The following measures have the goal to prevent taking outlier situations into account when deciding on internal organ motion and to attempt to be as reproducible as possible throughout the period of treatment. Therefore a drinking protocol is mandatory with specifications on 1 timing of voiding and 2 timing and volume of fluid intake.
The patient is asked to empty the stools before scanning and treatment. Special diets with the purpose of reducing internal motion of the gastro-intestinal system are so far ineffective and therefore currently not recommended. The same applies to the use of enemas since there is concern about related gas production.
A margin of 20 mm is defined towards the vagina. The whole uterine corpus is included. The anterior border is defined at about 5 mm anterior towards bladder and about 5 mm posterior towards rectum at the level of the cervix Further details are given in 9.
An ITV is most helpful in situations where uncertainties concerning the geometrical CTV location are greater than setup uncertainties, such as may be the case for a primary cervical tumour in a mobile uterus ITV-T. They are included in the CTV-E.
Target definition and contouring are described in more detail in section 9. Protocol specific nomenclature of volumes of interest. The complete parametria bilaterally c.
The entire uterus d. Uninvolved vagina with a 20 mm margin measured from the most inferior position of the initial HR CTV-T, along the vaginal axis not starting in the fornix e. In case of involvement of the pelvic wall, sacro-uterine ligaments, meso-rectum or other involved structures a 20 mm margin around the initial HR CTV-T will be extended into these structures.
Any pathological lymph nodes in the parametrium may be included Figure 9. Schematic diagram for cervical cancer, stage IIB, invading most of the cervix with unilateral parametrial extension at diagnosis. These figures have been elaborated based on the initial GTV-T demonstration as shown in the figures PET-CT should primarily be used for overall guidance and not for precise delineation of the pathological nodes.
Each GTV-N should be numbered individually using the exact protocol nomenclature. App Fig. However, an individualized margin may be considered for each pathologic lymph node around each GTV-N taking into account extra-capsular extension and possible progression during treatment planning interval, avoiding bones and muscles. Furthermore, partial volume effect may lead to different appearance of the upper and lower boundary on CT and MRI.
Nodal regions include the relevant vessels with at least 7 mm perivascular tissue including pertinent clips or lymphocysts in case of prior nodal resection or lymphadenectomy.
For details concerning anatomical boundaries and margins see appendix EBRT treatment planning. Any pathological node within the nodal regions must be fully encompassed. In case lymphocysts shrink extensively during ERBT, re-contouring and re-planning should be considered. Daily online position verification and couch correction based on bony landmarks is required using CBCT, kV or EPID imaging to achieve the aimed decrease in set up errors and corresponding reduction of the PTV margin. CBCT may be used for daily monitoring of uterus movement to decide if re-planning would be an advantage according to the motion patterns observed.
The different images should include different fillings of bladder, which can be achieved by acquiring full and empty bladder scans or by using images obtained on different days.
By doing so, the ITV-T can become more representative for the expected range of motion in the individual case. CBCT imaging is used for daily online position verification and couch correction based on bony registration. At this point in time the library plan approach has been integrated into clinical workflow in some institutions. Advanced adaptive IGRT is allowed whenever an institution has this advanced approach clinically implemented.
Having multiple diagnostic image sets fused with the treatment planning CT, facilitates this judgement. For example if the rectum is completely empty it is unlikely that the target volume will be able to move the full mm in the posterior-inferior direction. If the bladder is empty which is, however, unlikely since the aim for the treatment planning CT is a comfortably filled bladder it is unlikely that the target volume will move the full mm in the anterior- inferior direction.
It should be kept in mind that several studies found that the average bladder volume decreases during the course of treatment. Reducing the margin in one direction implies normally that the margin is increased to the same degree in the contralateral direction.
The minimal required margin in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions is 5 mm. B : The key difference for an individualized ITV-T compared to the standard margin approach is that pre-treatment imaging, both diagnostic and for treatment planning, is used to assess the range of motion in an individual patient. A pre-requisite is that these imaging series have different filling status of bladder and rectum.
For this purpose a full and empty bladder treatment planning CT can be useful. For patients with a smaller range of motion, a smaller ITV margin can be applied, whereas, in patients with a large range of motion, a margin comparable or larger than that derived from standard motion range may be required.
The ITV-T LR margin is adapted based on the assessed range of motion within the individual patients, keeping in mind the proposed standard motion ranges figure 9. Importantly, the ITV-T does not need to include the whole uterus as seen on an image series with an empty bladder, since with the drinking protocol this situation is not expected during the course of fractionated EBRT.
It should be kept in mind though that some studies indicate that the average bladder volume decreases during the course of treatment. If daily soft tissue verification CBCT is used to monitor the daily uterus position, it is possible to shrink the individualised margins further according to the thresholds defined for re-planning. It also contains any CTV-N. This combined tumour and lymph node related target volume is named ITV This final ITV45 is required for dose reporting.
This margin is considered appropriate when using daily image guidance and daily couch correction according to bony fusion see section 9.
Each individual pathologic node will have an individual PTV-N. If they are not encompassed, a larger margin of e. If MRI is made in the treatment position flat couch and with bladder filling protocol the fusion is usually excellent and MRI can be used for contouring all targets and OAR in the whole cranio-caudal length.
Priority should be set at achieving an acceptable match within the pelvis. In these cases it is preferable to use the anatomy as seen on the treatment planning CT for contouring when moving outside the area of acceptable match.
All beams and segments involved in a given part of the treatment must be treated at each fraction. This compensation should only be performed once per week, i. However, all pathological nodes with the features described in section 9.
Photon energy of 18 MV is related with increased neutron dose, and therefore lower energies e. These two aspects need to be considered when deciding on photon energy. In case of large lymph nodes it is possible to escalate the central part of the GTV-N to e. The daily imaging is used for fusion and position verification on bony anatomy. Couch correction must be performed daily before treatment delivery according to the bony fusion between the on-board imaging and the treatment planning CT.
Couch alignment to take soft tissue into account such as e. Soft tissue verification evaluation of the position of uterus based on CBCT can be performed, but is not mandatory. With soft tissue verification it is possible to evaluate if the daily uterus position is significantly different from expected and this knowledge can be used to decide that a new treatment plan would be beneficial. In case of repeated residual misalignment of more than 5mm despite daily correcting to match on bony anatomy the following procedures should be considered: check if immobilization device is used optimally; consider additional tattoos at the level of L2; consider an additional planning CT scan; a last step would be to consider to expand the PTV margin in the para-aortic region where the residual set-up error persists.
Depending on planning system a helper structure might be necessary e. To ensure that the overall treatment time stays below 50 days 4. To maintain and possibly improve a high level of local control in small and well responding tumours 5. To decrease brachytherapy related morbidity through systematic application of brachytherapy related dose volume constraints. To reduce vaginal morbidity through dose-de-escalation in the vagina by reduction of vaginal loading in cases with no vaginal involvement.
Figure Analogue scheduling applies for PDR brachytherapy. Concomitant chemotherapy given on the first days of the week also theoretically paves the way for sensitizing more fractions of EBRT in that week, rather than giving chemotherapy on a Friday where the sensitizing effect is expected to vanish during the weekend.
There is limited data on the optimal timing of EBRT and concomitant chemotherapy on the actual day where it is given. Centres can use their own schedule. However, for some patients it may be optimal to give EBRT in the morning and concomitant chemotherapy later in the day to avoid problems with an overhydrated and nauseated patient during EBRT. This should be precisely documented on the standard gynaecologic template in three orientations including the speculum view.
This examination can be supported by volumetric imaging, preferably MRI, which allows for even more precise documentation of the tumour situation at brachytherapy. Essential is the relation of these dimensions of the CTV to the cervical canal, the later location of the tandem, in particular, if the distances to the borders of the later CTV-T HR are symmetrical or asymmetrical compare Fig.
Taking these dimensions into account a decision is taken about the method of application, in particular, if it can be only intracavitary or a combination of intracavitary and interstitial application. The most precise pre-treatment planning is with a tandem and vaginal applicators in place, which are only inserted for treatment planning Petric P.
Continuous further development is necessary based on clinical and imaging information and corresponding applicator design Dimopoulos JC. Supportive treatment such as low molecular weight heparin, antibiotics and analgesics are given according to individual patient needs and institutional practice.
The clinical examination is documented by drawings by use of the standard clinical diagram see appendix An MRI compatible applicator is then chosen depending on the anatomical topography of tumour, uterus, cervix and vagina and placed in close contact with the tumour and cervix. The choice of the applicator type depends on the individual anatomy and the tumour spread at the time of brachytherapy. The choice of applicator type e. Vaginal packing must be performed with gauze to push away the rectum and bladder and to fix the applicator against the cervix.
The gauze may be filled with contrast medium as diluted gadolinium, US gel or saline water to distinguish the packing from the vagina. Alternatively, an individual mould or other customized procedures may be used for fixation of the applicator according to the practice of the participating institution.
Important is a fixed geometry of the applicator in relation to the target volume. In-vivo dosimetry by use of detectors can be used according to institutional practice. With sufficient vaginal packing, there is according to available evidence so far no indication of relevant movement of the applicator relative to the CTV or to adjacent OAR.
Additional imaging may be performed, if possible, also for each fraction in case of fractionated HDR treatments or as a constancy check during a PDR course if planned in an individual centre. Each applicator insertion must be followed by at least one 3D volumetric image preferably MRI and dose planning, while subsequent fractions using the same implant might be applied with the same treatment plan.
Only in case of exceptional circumstances and if the contouring for reporting is based on an MRI performed at a time point close to the first implant also the first fraction might be planned without MRI with applicator in situ. In these exceptional cases at least one of the subsequent fractions has to be MRI based then.
Sequences taken parallel to the applicator, i. Marker wires of plastic with saline or solutions of CuSO4 can be used to easy the identification of the source channel and determine any rotation of the applicators Dimopoulos JC.
Dose points must be defined directly in the 3D imaging set used for contouring and treatment planning and should not be defined in 2D on the radiographs see below.
This uncertainty level can only be reached by an appropriate step-by-step quality assurance program in each center Hellebust TP.
If a required certificate either one from the KB, or one specific to the customer environment is purged, that is not being deployed via GPO, the recommended approach is as follows.
Restore certificates to an individual machine using the backup registry file,. Leveraging the Certificate MMC, export the required certificates to file,. Update the GPO that is deploying certificates by importing the required certificates,. Rerun CertPurge on machine identified in step 1 to re-purge all certificates,. Did we mention Test? Also, we now have a method for cleaning things up things in bulk should things get out of control and you need to rebaseline systems in mass.
Let us know what you all think, and if there is another area you want us to expand on next. The sample scripts are not supported under any Microsoft standard support program or service. Download CertPurge. Greetings and salutations fellow Internet travelers!
It continues to be a very exciting time in IT and I look forward to chatting with you once more. Azure AD — Identity for the cloud era. An Ambitious Plan. This is information based on my experiences; your mileage may vary. Save yourself some avoidable heartburn; go read them … ALL of them:. Service accounts. TIP — Make sure you secure, manage and audit this service account, as with any service account.
You can see it in the configuration pages of the Synchronization Service Manager tool — screen snip below.
Planning on-prem sync filtering. Also, for a pilot or PoC, you can filter only the members of a single AD group. In prod, do it once; do it right. UPNs and email addresses — should they be the same? In a word, yes. This assumes there is an on-prem UPN suffix in AD that matches the publicly routable domain that your org owns i. AAD Connect — Install and configuration. I basically break this phase up into three sections:. TIP — Recapping:.
TIP — Subsequent delta synchronizations occur approx. Switch Editions? Mark channel Not-Safe-For-Work? Are you the publisher? Claim or contact us about this channel. Viewing all articles. First Page Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page Last Page. Browse latest View live. Note: Device writeback should be enabled if using conditional access. A Windows 10 version , Android or iOS client. To check that all required ports are open, please try our port check tool. The connector must have access to all on premises applications that you intend to publish.
Install the Application Proxy Connector on an on-premises server. Verify the Application Proxy Connector status. Configure constrained delegation for the App Proxy Connector server. Optional: Enable Token Broker for Windows 10 version clients.
Work Folder Native —native apps running on devices, with no credentials, no strong identity of their own. Work Folder Proxy — Web Application that can have their own credentials, usually run on servers. This is what allows us to expose the internal Work Folders in a secure way.
If the user is validated, Azure AD creates a token and sends it to the user. The user passes the token to Application Proxy. Application Proxy validates the token and retrieves the Username part of user principal name from it, and then sends the request, the Username from UPN, and the Service Principal Name SPN to the Connector through a dually authenticated secure channel.
Active Directory sends the Kerberos token for the application to the Connector. The Work Folders server sends the response to the Connector, which is then returned to the Application Proxy service and finally to the user.
Kerberos Survival Guide. I found this on the details page of the new test policy and it is marked as: I then open an administrative PowerShell to run my command in to see exactly what the settings look like in WMI. Topic 2: Purpose of the tool. Topic 3: Requirements of the tool. Topic 4: How to use the tool. Topic 5: Limitations of the tool.
Topic 7: References and recommendations for additional reading. The specific target gaps this tool is focused toward: A simple, easy to utilize tool which can be executed easily by junior staff up to principle staff. A means by which security staff can see and know the underlying code thereby establishing confidence in its intent. A lite weight utility which can be moved in the form of a text file. An account with administrator rights on the target machine s. An established file share on the network which is accessible by both.
Ok, now to the good stuff. If you have anything stored in that variable within the same run space as this script, buckle up. Just FYI. The tool is going to validate that the path you provided is available on the network.
However, if the local machine is unable to validate the path, it will give you the option to force the use of the path. Now, once we hit enter here, the tool is going to setup a PowerShell session with the target machine. In the background, there are a few functions its doing:. Next, we must specify a drive letter to use for mounting the network share from Step 4.
The tool, at present, can only target a single computer at a time. If you need to target multiple machines, you will need to run a separate instance for each. Multiple PowerShell Sessions. I would recommend getting each instance to the point of executing the trace, and then do them all at the same time if you are attempting to coordinate a trace amongst several machines. Again, the tool is not meant to replace any other well-established application. Instead, this tool is meant only to fill a niche.
You will have to evaluate the best suitable option for your purposes. On November 27, , Azure Migrate, a free service, will be broadly available to all Azure customers.
Azure Migrate can discover your on-premises VMware-based applications without requiring any changes to your VMware environment. Integrate VMware workloads with Azure services. This valuable resource for IT and business leaders provides a comprehensive look at moving to the cloud, as well as specific guidance on topics like prioritizing app migration, working with stakeholders, and cloud architectural blueprints.
Download now. Azure Interactives Stay current with a constantly growing scope of Azure services and features. Windows Server Why use Storage Replica? Storage Replica offers new disaster recovery and preparedness capabilities in Windows Server Datacenter Edition. For the first time, Windows Server offers the peace of mind of zero data loss, with the ability to synchronously protect data on different racks, floors, buildings, campuses, counties, and cities.
After a disaster strikes, all data will exist elsewhere without any possibility of loss. The same applies before a disaster strikes; Storage Replica offers you the ability to switch workloads to safe locations prior to catastrophes when granted a few moments warning — again, with no data loss.
Move away from passwords, deploy Windows Hello. Security Stopping ransomware where it counts: Protecting your data with Controlled folder access Windows Defender Exploit Guard is a new set of host intrusion prevention capabilities included with Windows 10 Fall Creators Update. Defending against ransomware using system design Many of the risks associated with ransomware and worm malware can be alleviated through systems design.
Referring to our now codified list of vulnerabilities, we know that our solution must: Limit the number and value of potential targets that an infected machine can contact. Limit exposure of reusable credentials that grant administrative authorization to potential victim machines. Prevent infected identities from damaging or destroying data. Limit unnecessary risk exposure to servers housing data. Securing Domain Controllers Against Attack Domain controllers provide the physical storage for the AD DS database, in addition to providing the services and data that allow enterprises to effectively manage their servers, workstations, users, and applications.
If privileged access to a domain controller is obtained by a malicious user, that user can modify, corrupt, or destroy the AD DS database and, by extension, all of the systems and accounts that are managed by Active Directory. Because domain controllers can read from and write to anything in the AD DS database, compromise of a domain controller means that your Active Directory forest can never be considered trustworthy again unless you are able to recover using a known good backup and to close the gaps that allowed the compromise in the process.
Cybersecurity Reference Strategies Video Explore recommended strategies from Microsoft, built based on lessons learned from protecting our customers, our hyper-scale cloud services, and our own IT environment.
Get the details on important trends, critical success criteria, best approaches, and technical capabilities to make these strategies real. How Microsoft protects against identity compromise Video Identity sits at the very center of the enterprise threat detection ecosystem.
Proper identity and access management is critical to protecting an organization, especially in the midst of a digital transformation. This part three of the six-part Securing our Enterprise series where Chief Information Security Officer, Bret Arsenault shares how he and his team are managing identity compromise. November security update release Microsoft on November 14, , released security updates to provide additional protections against malicious attackers.
All Admin capabilities are available in the new Azure portal. Microsoft Premier Support News Application whitelisting is a powerful defense against malware, including ransomware, and has been widely advocated by security experts.
Users are often tricked into running malicious content which allows adversaries to infiltrate their network. The Onboarding Accelerator — Implementation of Application Whitelisting consists of 3 structured phases that will help customers identify locations which are susceptible to malware and implement AppLocker whitelisting policies customized to their environment, increasing their protection against such attacks. The answer to the question?
It depends. You can also use certificates with no Enhanced Key Usage extension. Referring to the methods mentioned in The following information is from this TechNet Article : "In Windows and Windows R2, you connect to the farm name , which as per DNS round robin, gets first directed to the redirector, then to the connection broker, and finally to the server that hosts your session.
Click Remote Desktop Services in the left navigation pane. In the Configure the deployment window, click Certificates. Click Select existing certificates, and then browse to the location where you have a saved certificate generally it's a. Import the certificate.
Cryptographic Protocols A cryptographic protocol is leveraged for security data transport and describes how the algorithms should be used. TLS has 3 specifications: 1. This is accomplished leveraging the keys created during the handshake. The TLS Handshake Protocol is responsible for the Cipher Suite negotiation between peers, authentication of the server and optionally the client, and the key exchange.
SSL also came in 3 varieties: 1. SSL 1. SSL 2. In SSL 3. Well, that was exhausting! Key Exchanges Just like the name implies, this is the exchange of the keys used in our encrypted communication. Ciphers Ciphers have existed for thousands of years. The denotation of bit, bit, etc. Hashing Algorithms Hashing Algorithms, are fixed sized blocks representing data of arbitrary size.
Putting this all together Now that everything is explained; what does this mean? This eBook was written by developers for developers.
It is specifically meant to give you the fundamental knowledge of what Azure is all about, what it offers you and your organization, and how to take advantage of it all. Azure Backup now supports BEK encrypted Azure virtual machines Azure Backup stands firm on the promise of simplicity, security, and reliability by giving customers a smooth and dependable experience across scenarios.
Continuing on the enterprise data-protection promise, we are excited to announce the support for backup and restore of Azure virtual machines encrypted using Bitlocker Encryption Key BEK for managed or unmanaged disks. VMware virtualization on Azure is a bare metal solution that runs the full VMware stack on Azure co-located with other Azure services.
Windows Client New Remote Desktop app for macOS available in the App Store Download the next generation application in the App Store today to enjoy the new UI design, improvements in the look and feel of managing your connections, and new functionalities available in a remote session.
Detonating a bad rabbit: Windows Defender Antivirus and layered machine learning defenses Windows Defender Antivirus uses a layered approach to protection: tiers of advanced automation and machine learning models evaluate files in order to reach a verdict on suspected malware. How Azure Security Center detects vulnerabilities using administrative tools Backdoor user accounts are those accounts that are created by an adversary as part of the attack, to be used later in order to gain access to other resources in the network, open new entry points into the network as well as achieve persistency.
Vulnerabilities and Updates December security update release On December 12 we released security updates to provide additional protections against malicious attackers. By default, Windows 10 receives these updates automatically, and for customers running previous versions, we recommend they turn on automatic updates as a best practice.
It is a proactive, discreet service that involves a global team of highly specialized resources providing remote analysis for a fixed-fee. This service is, in effect, a proactive approach to identifying emergencies before they occur.
And, now that the celebrations are mostly over, I wanted to pick all your brains to learn what you would like to see from us this year… As you all know, on AskPFEPlat, we post content based on various topics in the realms of the core operating system, security, Active Directory, System Center, Azure, and many services, functions, communications, and protocols that sit in between.
Building the Runbook Now that the Automation Accounts have been created and modules have been updated we can start building our runbook. Conclusion I have also attached the startup script that was mentioned earlier in the article for your convenience. First a little backstory on Shielded VMs and why you would want to use them. Windows Server with the latest cumulative update as the host. I used the E drive on my system. Once you have extracted each of the files from GitHub you should have a folder that is like the screenshot below By default these files should be marked as blocked and prevent the scripts from running, to unblock the files we will need to unblock them.
We need to create a few more folders and add in some additional items. Inside the Files folder it should look like the screenshot below. The ADK folder should be like this. I know it seems like a lot, but now that we have all the necessary components we can go through the setup to create the VMs Select the SetupLab.
You may get prompted to trust the NuGet repository to be able to download the modules — Type Y and hit enter It will then display the current working directory and pop up a window to select the configuration to build. Periodically during this time you will see message such as the below indicating the status Once all resources are in the desired state the next set of VMs will be created. When complete you should have the 3 VMs as shown below.
Matthew Walker, PFE. Save money by making sure VMs are off when not being used. Mesh and hub-and-spoke networks on Azure PDF Virtual network peering gives Azure customers a way to provide managed access to Azure for multiple lines of business LOB or to merge teams from different companies. Written by Lamia Youseff and Nanette Ray from the Azure Customer Advisory Team AzureCAT , this white paper covers the two main network topologies used by Azure customers: mesh networks and hub-and-spoke networks, and shows how enterprises work with, or around, the default maximum number of peering links.
Windows Server PowerShell Core 6. How to Switch a Failover Cluster to a New Domain For the last two decades, changing the domain membership of a Failover Cluster has always required that the cluster be destroyed and re-created. This caused some confusion as people stated they have already been running shielded VMs on client.
This blog post is intended to clarify things and explain how to run them side by side. Security ATA readiness roadmap Advanced Threat Analytics ATA is an on-premises platform that helps protect your enterprise from multiple types of advanced targeted cyber attacks and insider threats.
This document provides you a readiness roadmap that will assist you to get started with Advanced Threat Analytics. If ransomware does get a hold of your data, you can pay a large amount of money hoping that you will get your data back.
The alternative is to not pay anything and begin your recovery process. Whether you pay the ransom or not, your enterprise loses time and resources dealing with the aftermath. Microsoft invests in several ways to help you mitigate the effects of ransomware. A worthy upgrade: Next-gen security on Windows 10 proves resilient against ransomware outbreaks in The year saw three global ransomware outbreaks driven by multiple propagation and infection techniques that are not necessarily new but not typically observed in ransomware.
At that time, we used to call these kinds of threat actors not hackers but con men. The people committing these crimes are doing them from hundreds of miles away. The ability to run shielded VMs on client was introduced in the Windows 10 release. There are many security considerations built in to shielded VMs, from secure provisioning to protecting data at rest.
As part of the PAW solution, the privileged access workload gains additional security protections by running inside a shielded VM. Vulnerabilities and Updates Understanding the performance impact of Spectre and Meltdown mitigations on Windows Systems At the begging of January the technology industry and many of our customers learned of new vulnerabilities in the hardware chips that power phones, PCs and servers.
We and others in the industry had learned of this vulnerability under nondisclosure agreement several months ago and immediately began developing engineering mitigations and updating our cloud infrastructure. Windows Server guidance to protect against speculative execution side-channel vulnerabilities This guidance will help you identify, mitigate, and remedy Windows Server environments that are affected by the vulnerabilities that are identified in Microsoft Security Advisory ADV The advisory also explains how to enable the update for your systems.
Guidance for mitigating speculative execution side-channel vulnerabilities in Azure The recent disclosure of a new class of CPU vulnerabilities known as speculative execution side-channel attacks has resulted in questions from customers seeking more clarity. The infrastructure that runs Azure and isolates customer workloads from each other is protected. This means that other customers running on Azure cannot attack your application using these vulnerabilities.
It creates a SAML token based on the claims provided by the client and might add its own claims. COM is a software vendor offering SaaS solutions in the cloud. Authorizing the claims requester. But those above are the only information you will get from ADFS when Signing or Encryption certificate are change from the partner.
Why worry about Crashdump settings in Windows? Jabrwock, Nov 16, Andre Da Costa Win User. How to stop this Windows from installing You are welcome, please keep us updated. Andre Da Costa, Nov 16, How to stop from installing through updates The computer that you are using is HP and provided you can download and install some HP software you can block windows upgrades. Windows will attempt the upgrade which involves reboots and will fail.
So software that is open, work in progress, etc. It is trading one problem for another but it does block the upgrade. While Windows attempts the upgrade the computer is unusable. So aside from the unknown times in which Windows will attempt an upgrade its workable.
As long as you get to schedule the upgrade it would have the least interference. The question is does you HP computer accept the HP software? And knowing the pro and con would you trade one problem for the other?
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Domain p2-oamrhqljfgo6w7h4dufebkh6-if-v6exp3-v4. Maria Laura Mele. Arianna Maiorani. Toyoaki Nishida. Abstract The capacity of involvement and engagement plays an important role in making a robot social and robust. In order to reinforce the capacity of robot in human-robot interaction, we proposed a twolayered approach.
In the upper layer, social interaction is flexibly controlled by Bayesian Net using social interaction patterns. In the lower layer, the robustness of the system can be improved by detecting repetitive and rhythmic gestures.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to support a sustainable conversation. From a view point of sustainability, it is important to manage huge conversation content such as transcripts, handouts, and slides.
- How to stop from installing through updates
Okay this scenario is a little like the previous one, except for a few things. Normally when deploying ADCS, certificate autoenrollment is configured as a good practice.
But RDS is a bit different since it can use certificates that not all machines have. Remember, by default the local Remote Desktop Protocol will use the self-signed certificate…not one issued by an internal CA…even if it contains all the right information.
Basically, the right certificate with appropriate corresponding GPO settings for RDS to utilize…and that should solve the warning messages.
How do we do that? Remember, certificates you deploy need to have a subject name CN or subject alternate name SAN that matches the name of the server that a user is connecting to! Manual enrollment is a bit time consuming, so I prefer autoenrollment functionality here.
To mitigate the CA from handing out a ton of certs from multiple templates, just scope the template permissions to a security group that contains the machine s you want enrollment from. I always recommend configure certificate templates use specific security groups. Where certificates are deployed is all dependent upon what your environment requires. Next, we configure Group Policy.
This is to ensure that ONLY certificates created by using your custom template will be considered when a certificate to authenticate the RD Session Host Server or machine is automatically selected. Translation: only the cert that came from your custom template will be used when someone connects via RDP to a machine…not the self-signed certificate.
As soon as this policy is propagated to the respective domain computers or forced via gpupdate. I updated group policy on a member server, and tested it. Of course, as soon as I try to connect using the correct machine name, it connected right up as expected. Warning went POOF! Another way of achieving this result, and forcing machines to use a specific certificate for RDP…is via a simple WMIC command from an elevated prompt, or you can use PowerShell.
The catch is that you must do it from the individual machine. Quick, easy, and efficient…and unless you script it out to hit all machines involved, you'll only impact one at a time instead of using a scoped GPO. Now we get to the meaty part as if I haven't written enough already. Unlike the above 2 scenarios, you don't really need special GPO settings to deploy certificates, force RDS to use specific certs, etc.
The roles themselves handle all that. Let's say Remote Desktop Services has been fully deployed in your environment. Doesn't matter…or does it? Kristin Griffin wrote an excellent TechNet Article detailing how to use certificates and more importantly, why for every RDS role service.
Just remember the principals are the same. First thing to check if warnings are occurring, is yep, you guessed it …are users connecting to the right name?
Next, check the certificate s that are being used to ensure they contain the proper and accurate information. Referring to the methods mentioned in. The following information is from this TechNet Article :. The certificates you deploy need to have a subject name CN or subject alternate name SAN that matches the name of the server that the user is connecting to.
For example, for Publishing, the certificate needs to contain the names of all the RDSH servers in the collection. If you have users connecting externally, this needs to be an external name it needs to match what they connect to. If you have users connecting internally to RDWeb, the name needs to match the internal name.
For Single Sign On, the subject name needs to match the servers in the collection. Go and read that article thoroughly. Now that you have created your certificates and understand their contents, you need to configure the Remote Desktop Server roles to use those certificates. This is the cool part! Or you will use multiple certs if you have both internal and external requirements.
Note : even if you have multiple servers in the deployment, Server Manager will import the certificate to all servers, place the certificate in the trusted root for each server, and then bind the certificate to the respective roles. Told you it was cool! You don't have to manually do anything to each individual server in the deployment!
You can of course, but typically not mandatory. DO use the correct naming. DO use custom templates with proper EKUs. DO use RDS. You don't have an internal PKI, then use the self-signed certs The other takeaway is just have an internal PKI And for all our sanity, do NOT mess with the security level and encryption level settings!
The default settings are the most secure. Just leave them alone and keep it simple. Thank you for taking the time to read through all this information. I tried to think of all the scenarios I personally have come across in my experiences throughout the past 25 years, and I hope I didn't miss any.
If I did, please feel free to ask! Happy RDP'ing everyone! Understanding the differences will make it much easier to understand what and why settings are configured and hopefully assist in troubleshooting when issues do arise. A cryptographic protocol is leveraged for security data transport and describes how the algorithms should be used. What does that mean? Simply put, the protocol decides what Key Exchange, Cipher, and Hashing algorithm will be leveraged to set up the secure connection.
Transport Layer Security is designed to layer on top of a transport protocol i. TCP encapsulating higher level protocols, such the application protocol. An example of this would be the Remote Desktop Protocol. The main difference is where the encryption takes place. Just like the name implies, this is the exchange of the keys used in our encrypted communication. For obvious reasons, we do not want this to be shared out in plaintext, so a key exchange algorithm is used as a way to secure the communication to share the key.
Diffie-Hellman does not rely on encryption and decryption rather a mathematical function that allows both parties to generate a shared secret key. This is accomplished by each party agreeing on a public value and a large prime number.
Then each party chooses a secret value used to derive the public key that was used. Both ECDH and its predecessor leverage mathematical computations however elliptic-curve cryptography ECC leverages algebraic curves whereas Diffie-Hellman leverages modular arithmetic. In an RSA key exchange, secret keys are exchanged by encrypting the secret key with the intended recipients public key. The only way to decrypt the secret key is by leveraging the recipients private key.
Ciphers have existed for thousands of years. In simple terms they are a series of instructions for encrypting or decrypting a message. We could spend an extraordinary amount of time talking about the different types of ciphers, whether symmetric key or asymmetric key, stream ciphers or block ciphers, or how the key is derived, however I just want to focus on what they are and how they relate to Schannel.
Symmetric key means that the same key is used for encryption and decryption. This requires both the sender and receiver to have the same shared key prior to communicating with one another, and that key must remain secret from everyone else.
The use of block ciphers encrypts fixed sized blocks of data. RC4 is a symmetric key stream cipher. As noted above, this means that the same key is used for encryption and decryption. The main difference to notice here is the user of a stream cipher instead of a block cipher. In a stream cipher, data is transmitted in a continuous steam using plain-text combined with a keystream.
Hashing Algorithms, are fixed sized blocks representing data of arbitrary size. They are used to verify the integrity of the data of the data being transmitted.
When the message is created a hash of the original message is generated using the agreed upon algorithm i. That hash is used by the receiver to ensure that the data is the same as when the sender sent it. MD5 produces a bit hash value. Notice the length difference? NOTE: Both hash algorithms have been found to be vulnerable to attacks such as collision vulnerabilities and are typically not recommended for use in cryptography. Again, see the noticeable size difference?
Now that everything is explained; what does this mean? Remember that a protocol simply defines how the algorithms should be used.
This is a where the keys will be exchanged that are leveraged for encrypting and decrypting our message traffic. This is the algorithm, in this instance the Elliptic-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, used to create the digital signature for authentication.
GCM Again…… what? This is the mode of operation that the cipher leverages. The purpose is to mask the patterns within the encrypted data. SHA indicates that the hashing algorithm used for message verification and in this example is SHA2 with a bit key. Hopefully this helps to further break down the barriers of understanding encryption and cipher suites. We decided to round up a few customer stories for you, to illustrate the various real-world benefits being reported by users of Shielded VMs in Windows Server To all of you that have downloaded the Technical Preview and provided feedback via UserVoice, thank you.
On December 1st we released the first public update to the Technical Preview. Windows Defender Antivirus uses a layered approach to protection: tiers of advanced automation and machine learning models evaluate files in order to reach a verdict on suspected malware.
While Windows Defender AV detects a vast majority of new malware files at first sight, we always strive to further close the gap between malware release and detection. We look at advanced attacks perpetrated by the highly skilled KRYPTON activity group and explore how commodity malware like Kovter abuses PowerShell to leave little to no trace of malicious activity on disk. From there, we look at how Windows Defender ATP machine learning systems make use of enhanced insight about script characteristics and behaviors to deliver vastly improved detection capabilities.
Backdoor user accounts are those accounts that are created by an adversary as part of the attack, to be used later in order to gain access to other resources in the network, open new entry points into the network as well as achieve persistency. MITRE lists the create account tactic as part of the credentials access intent of stage and lists several toolkits that uses this technique.
And, now that the celebrations are mostly over, I wanted to pick all your brains to learn what you would like to see from us this year…. As you all know, on AskPFEPlat, we post content based on various topics in the realms of the core operating system, security, Active Directory, System Center, Azure, and many services, functions, communications, and protocols that sit in between.
Christopher Scott, Premier Field Engineer. I have recently transitioned into an automation role and like most people my first thought was to setup a scheduled task to shutdown and startup Virtual Machines VMs to drive down consumption costs.
Now, the first thing I did, much like I am sure you are doing now, is look around to see what and how other people have accomplished this. So, I came up with the idea of using Tags to shutdown or startup a filtered set of resources and that is what I wanted to show you all today.
The first thing you will need to do is setup an Automation Account. From the Azure portal click more actions and search for Automation. By clicking the star to the right of Automation Accounts you can add it to your favorites blade. Now you will be prompted to fill in some values required for the creation. Now is the time to create the Azure Run as Accounts so click the Yes box in the appropriate field and click create.
From within the Automation Accounts blade select Run as Accounts. After the accounts and connections have been verified we want to update all the Azure Modules. We can also review the job logs to ensure no errors were encountered.
Now that the Automation Accounts have been created and modules have been updated we can start building our runbook. But before we build the runbooks I want to walk you through tagging the VMs with custom tags that can be called upon later during the runbook. From the Assign Tags callout blade, you can use the text boxes to assign custom a Name known as the Key property in Powershell and a custom Value.
If you have already used custom tags for other resources they are also available from the drop-down arrow in the same text box fields. Click Assign to accept the tags. To start building the runbook we are going to select the Runbook option from the Automation Account Pane and click Add a Runbook.
When the Runbook Creation blade comes up click Create a Runbook , In the callout blade Give the runbook a name, select Powershell from the dropdown, and finally click Create. At this point you will brought to the script pane of the Runbook. You can paste the attached script directly into the pane and it should look something like this. Once the script has been pasted in, click the Test Pane button on the ribbon bar to ensure operability.
If we go back to the Virtual Machine viewing pane we can verify the results. Since the script processed correctly and is working as intended we can proceed to publishing the runbook. Click Publish and confirm with Yes. But what are we using to invoke the runbooks? Well we could add a webhook, or manually call the runbook from the console, we could even create a custom application with a fancy GUI Graphical User Interface to call the runbook, for this article we are going to simply create a schedule within our automation account and use it to initiate our runbook.
To build our schedule we select Schedules from the Automation Account then click Add a schedule. Create a Schedule Name, Give it a description, assign a Start date and Time, set the Reoccurrence schedule and expiration and click Create. Now that the schedule has been created click OK to link it to the Runbook. Originally, I used this runbook to shutdown VMs in an order so at the end of the Tier 2 Runbook would call the Tier 1 Runbook and finally the Tier 0 runbook.
For Startup I would reverse the order to ensure services came up correctly. By splitting the runbooks, I ensured the next set of services did not start or stop until the previous set had finished. However, by utilizing the custom tags and making minor changes to the script you can customize your runbooks to perform whatever suits your needs.
For example, if you wanted to shutdown just John Smiths machines every night all you would need to do is tag the VMs accordingly Ex. I have also attached the startup script that was mentioned earlier in the article for your convenience.
Thank you for taking the time to read through this article, I hope you can adapt it to you found it helpful and are able to adapt it your environment with no issues. Please leave a comment if you come across any issues or just want to leave some feedback. Disclaimer The sample scripts are not supported under any Microsoft standard support program or service.
The sample scripts are provided AS IS without warranty of any kind. Microsoft further disclaims all implied warranties including, without limitation, any implied warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk arising out of the use or performance of the sample scripts and documentation remains with you. In no event shall Microsoft, its authors, or anyone else involved in the creation, production, or delivery of the scripts be liable for any damages whatsoever including, without limitation, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or other pecuniary loss arising out of the use of or inability to use the sample scripts or documentation, even if Microsoft has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
Azure Automation — Custom Tagged Scripts. Hi, Matthew Walker again. Recently I worked with a few of my co-workers to present a lab on building out Shielded VMs and I thought this would be useful for those of you out there wanting to test this out in a lab environment. Shielded VMs, when properly configured, use Bitlocker to encrypt the drives, prevent access to the VM using the VMConnect utility, encrypt the data when doing a live migration, as well blocking the fabric admin by disabling a number of integration components, this way the only access to the VM is through RDP to the VM itself.
With proper separation of duties this allows for sensitive systems to be protected and only allow those who need access to the systems to get the data and prevent VMs from being started on untrusted hosts.
In my position I frequently have to demo or test in a number of different configurations so I have created a set of configurations to work with a scripted solution to build out labs.
At the moment there are some differences between the two and only my fork will work with the configurations I have. Now, to setup your own environment I should lay out the specs of the environment I created this on.
All of the above is actually a Hyper-V VM running on my Windows 10 system, I leverage nested virtualization to accomplish this, some of my configs require Windows Server.
Extract them to a directory on your system you want to run the scripts from. Once you have extracted each of the files from GitHub you should have a folder that is like the screenshot below. By default these files should be marked as blocked and prevent the scripts from running, to unblock the files we will need to unblock them. If you open an administrative PowerShell prompt and change to the directory the files are in you can use the Unblock-File cmdlet to resolve this.
This will require you to download the ADKSetup and run it and select to save the installer files. The Help folder under tools is not really necessary, however, to ensure I have the latest PowerShell help files available I will run the Save-Help PowerShell cmdlet to download and save the files so I can install them on other systems. Next, we move back up to the main folder and populate the Resources Folder, so again create a new folder named Resources.
While these are not the latest cumulative updates they were the latest I downloaded and tested with, and are referenced in the config files. I also include the WMF 5. I know it seems like a lot, but now that we have all the necessary components we can go through the setup to create the VMs.
You may receive a prompt to run the file depending on your execution policy settings, and you may be prompted for Admin password as the script is required to be run elevated. First it will download any DSC modules we need to work with the scripts. You may get prompted to trust the NuGet repository to be able to download the modules — Type Y and hit enter.
It will then display the current working directory and pop up a window to select the configuration to build. The script will then verify that Hyper-V is installed and if it is server it will install the Failover Clustering feature if not installed not needed for shielded VMs, sorry I need to change the logic on that. The Script may appear to hang for a few minutes, but it is actually copying out the.
Net 3. The error below is normal and not a concern. Creating the Template files can take quite a long time, so just relax and let it run. Once the first VM Domain Controller is created, I have set up the script to ensure it is fully configured before the other VMs get created. You will see the following message when that occurs. Periodically during this time you will see message such as the below indicating the status. Once all resources are in the desired state the next set of VMs will be created.
Once the script finishes however those VMs are not completely configured, DSC is still running in them to finish out the configuration such as Joining the domain or installing roles and features. So, there you have it, a couple of VMs and DC to begin working on creating a virtualized environment that you can test and play with shielded VMs a bit.
So now grab the documentation linked at the top and you can get started without having to build out the base.
I hope this helps you get started playing with some of the new features we have in Windows Server Data disk drives do not cache writes by default. Data disk drives that are attached to a VM use write-through caching. It provides durability, at the expense of slightly slower writes. As of January 10 th , PowerShell Core 6.
For the last two decades, changing the domain membership of a Failover Cluster has always required that the cluster be destroyed and re-created. This is a time-consuming process, and we have worked to improve this. Howdy folks! Before going straight to the solution, I want to present a real scenario and recall some of the basic concepts in the Identity space. Relying Party signature certificate is rarely used indeed.
Signing the SAML request ensures no one modifies the request. COM wants to access an expense note application ClaimsWeb. COM purchasing a license for the ClaimsWeb application. Relying party trust:.
Now that we have covered the terminology with the entities that will play the role of the IdP or IP, and RP, we want to make it perfectly clear in our mind and go through the flow one more time. Step : Present Credentials to the Identity Provider. The URL provides the application with a hint about the customer that is requesting access. Assuming that John uses a computer that is already a part of the domain and in the corporate network, he will already have valid network credentials that can be presented to CONTOSO.
These claims are for instance the Username, Group Membership and other attributes. Step : Map the Claims. The claims are transformed into something that ClaimsWeb Application understands. We have now to understand how the Identity Provider and the Resource Provider can trust each other.
When you configure a claims provider trust or relying party trust in your organization with claim rules, the claim rule set s for that trust act as a gatekeeper for incoming claims by invoking the claims engine to apply the necessary logic in the claim rules to determine whether to issue any claims and which claims to issue.
The Claim Pipeline represents the path that claims must follow before they can be issued. The Relying Party trust provides the configuration that is used to create claims. Once the claim is created, it can be presented to another Active Directory Federation Service or claim aware application.
Claim provider trust determines what happens to the claims when it arrives. COM IdP. COM Resource Provider. Properties of a Trust Relationship. This policy information is pulled on a regular interval which is called trust monitoring. Trust monitoring can be disabled and the pulling interval can be modified.
Signature — This is the verification certificate for a Relying Party used to verify the digital signature for incoming requests from this Relying Party. Otherwise, you will see the Claim Type of the offered claims. Each federation server uses a token-signing certificate to digitally sign all security tokens that it produces.
This helps prevent attackers from forging or modifying security tokens to gain unauthorized access to resources. When we want to digitally sign tokens, we will always use the private portion of our token signing certificate. When a partner or application wants to validate the signature, they will have to use the public portion of our signing certificate to do so.
Then we have the Token Decryption Certificate. Encryption of tokens is strongly recommended to increase security and protection against potential man-in-the-middle MITM attacks that might be tried against your AD FS deployment. Use of encryption might have a slight impact on throughout but in general, it should not be usually noticed and in many deployments the benefits for greater security exceed any cost in terms of server performance.
Encrypting claims means that only the relying party, in possession of the private key would be able to read the claims in the token. This requires availability of the token encrypting public key, and configuration of the encryption certificate on the Claims Provider Trust same concept is applicable at the Relying Party Trust. By default, these certificates are valid for one year from their creation and around the one-year mark, they will renew themselves automatically via the Auto Certificate Rollover feature in ADFS if you have this option enabled.
This tab governs how AD FS manages the updating of this claims provider trust. You can see that the Monitor claims provider check box is checked. ADFS starts the trust monitoring cycle every 24 hours minutes. This endpoint is enabled and enabled for proxy by default.
The FederationMetadata. Once the federation trust is created between partners, the Federation Service holds the Federation Metadata endpoint as a property of its partners, and uses the endpoint to periodically check for updates from the partner. For example, if an Identity Provider gets a new token-signing certificate, the public key portion of that certificate is published as part of its Federation Metadata.
All Relying Parties who partner with this IdP will automatically be able to validate the digital signature on tokens issued by the IdP because the RP has refreshed the Federation Metadata via the endpoint.
The Federation Metadata. XML publishes information such as the public key portion of a token signing certificate and the public key of the Encryption Certificate. What we can do is creating a schedule process which:. You can create the source with the following line as an Administrator of the server:. Signing Certificate. Encryption Certificate.
As part of my Mix and Match series , we went through concepts and terminologies of the Identity metasystem, understood how all the moving parts operates across organizational boundaries.
We discussed the certificates involvement in AD FS and how I can use PowerShell to create a custom monitor workload and a proper logging which can trigger further automation. I hope you have enjoyed and that this can help you if you land on this page. Hi everyone, Robert Smith here to talk to you today a bit about crash dump configurations and options. With the wide-spread adoption of virtualization, large database servers, and other systems that may have a large amount or RAM, pre-configuring the systems for the optimal capturing of debugging information can be vital in debugging and other efforts.
Ideally a stop error or system hang never happens. But in the event something happens, having the system configured optimally the first time can reduce time to root cause determination. The information in this article applies the same to physical or virtual computing devices. You can apply this information to a Hyper-V host, or to a Hyper-V guest. You can apply this information to a Windows operating system running as a guest in a third-party hypervisor.
If you have never gone through this process, or have never reviewed the knowledge base article on configuring your machine for a kernel or complete memory dump , I highly suggest going through the article along with this blog.
When a windows system encounters an unexpected situation that could lead to data corruption, the Windows kernel will implement code called KeBugCheckEx to halt the system and save the contents of memory, to the extent possible, for later debugging analysis.
The problem arises as a result of large memory systems, that are handling large workloads. Even if you have a very large memory device, Windows can save just kernel-mode memory space, which usually results in a reasonably sized memory dump file. But with the advent of bit operating systems, very large virtual and physical address spaces, even just the kernel-mode memory output could result in a very large memory dump file.
When the Windows kernel implements KeBugCheckEx execution of all other running code is halted, then some or all of the contents of physical RAM is copied to the paging file. On the next restart, Windows checks a flag in the paging file that tells Windows that there is debugging information in the paging file. Please see KB for more information on this hotfix. Herein lies the problem. One of the Recovery options is memory dump file type. There are a number of memory. For reference, here are the types of memory dump files that can be configured in Recovery options:.
Anything larger would be impractical. For one, the memory dump file itself consumes a great deal of disk space, which can be at a premium. Second, moving the memory dump file from the server to another location, including transferring over a network can take considerable time.
The file can be compressed but that also takes free disk space during compression. The memory dump files usually compress very well, and it is recommended to compress before copying externally or sending to Microsoft for analysis. On systems with more than about 32 GB of RAM, the only feasible memory dump types are kernel, automatic, and active where applicable.
Kernel and automatic are the same, the only difference is that Windows can adjust the paging file during a stop condition with the automatic type, which can allow for successfully capturing a memory dump file the first time in many conditions.
A 50 GB or more file is hard to work with due to sheer size, and can be difficult or impossible to examine in debugging tools. In many, or even most cases, the Windows default recovery options are optimal for most debugging scenarios.
The purpose of this article is to convey settings that cover the few cases where more than a kernel memory dump is needed the first time. Nobody wants to hear that they need to reconfigure the computing device, wait for the problem to happen again, then get another memory dump either automatically or through a forced method. The problem comes from the fact that the Windows has two different main areas of memory: user-mode and kernel-mode. User-mode memory is where applications and user-mode services operate.
Kernel-mode is where system services and drivers operate. This explanation is extremely simplistic.
More information on user-mode and kernel-mode memory can be found at this location on the Internet:. User mode and kernel mode. What happens if we have a system with a large amount of memory, we encounter or force a crash, examine the resulting memory dump file, and determine we need user-mode address space to continue analysis? This is the scenario we did not want to encounter.
We have to reconfigure the system, reboot, and wait for the abnormal condition to occur again. The secondary problem is we must have sufficient free disk space available. If we have a secondary local drive, we can redirect the memory dump file to that location, which could solve the second problem. The first one is still having a large enough paging file.
If the paging file is not large enough, or the output file location does not have enough disk space, or the process of writing the dump file is interrupted, we will not obtain a good memory dump file. In this case we will not know until we try. Wait, we already covered this. The trick is that we have to temporarily limit the amount of physical RAM available to Windows. The numbers do not have to be exact multiples of 2.
The last condition we have to meet is to ensure the output location has enough free disk space to write out the memory dump file. Once the configurations have been set, restart the system and then either start the issue reproduction efforts, or wait for the abnormal conditions to occur through the normal course of operation. Note that with reduced RAM, there ability to serve workloads will be greatly reduced. Once the debugging information has been obtained, the previous settings can be reversed to put the system back into normal operation.
This is a lot of effort to go through and is certainly not automatic. But in the case where user-mode memory is needed, this could be the only option. Figure 1: System Configuration Tool. Figure 2: Maximum memory boot configuration. Figure 3: Maximum memory set to 16 GB. With a reduced amount of physical RAM, there may now be sufficient disk space available to capture a complete memory dump file.
In the majority of cases, a bugcheck in a virtual machine results in the successful collection of a memory dump file. The common problem with virtual machines is disk space required for a memory dump file. The default Windows configuration Automatic memory dump will result in the best possible memory dump file using the smallest amount of disk space possible. The main factors preventing successful collection of a memory dump file are paging file size, and disk output space for the resulting memory dump file after the reboot.
These drives may be presented to the VM as a local disk, that can be configured as the destination for a paging file or crashdump file. The problem occurs in case a Windows virtual machine calls KeBugCheckEx , and the location for the Crashdump file is configured to write to a virtual disk hosted on a file share. Depending on the exact method of disk presentation, the virtual disk may not be available when needed to write to either the paging file, or the location configured to save a crashdump file.
It may be necessary to change the crashdump file type to kernel to limit the size of the crashdump file. Either that, or temporarily add a local virtual disk to the VM and then configure that drive to be the dedicated crashdump location.
How to use the DedicatedDumpFile registry value to overcome space limitations on the system drive when capturing a system memory dump. The important point is to ensure that a disk used for paging file, or for a crashdump destination drive, are available at the beginning of the operating system startup process. Virtual Desktop Infrastructure is a technology that presents a desktop to a computer user, with most of the compute requirements residing in the back-end infrastructure, as opposed to the user requiring a full-featured physical computer.
Usually the VDI desktop is accessed via a kiosk device, a web browser, or an older physical computer that may otherwise be unsuitable for day-to-day computing needs. Reads the registry for installed applications. Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system. Queries volume information. An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture.
Contains ability to read monitor info. Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system.
Contains ability to query volume size. Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on the system. Adversaries may target user email to collect sensitive information from a target. Command and Control. Contains indicators of bot communication commands. An adversary may compress data e. Key-Systems GmbH. Russian Federation. Domain forum.
Domain www. Domain az Domain mcishop. Domain apn. United States. Domain ocean Domain beaufortsea. Domain ronroberts. Domain backcountryoutlet. Domain craftsmanclub. Domain Domain login. Domain sendpulse. Domain img. Domain pr. Domain google. Domain w. Domain policies.
Domain rdvaer. Domain dropalien. Domain accessbenefitssd. Domain acehomepage. Domain beleg. Domain beleggen. Domain combinance. Domain pewcharitabletrusts.
Domain pewevents. Domain foxnewsplayer-a. Domain trustmagazine. Domain tods. I have uninstalled the update several times and Windows keeps reinstalling them. How can I target a specific update not to reinstall? How to stop windows from installing a specific update? It gets fixed whenever I uninstall the update. How do I stop windows from trying to install the update? Stop an update from installing : I have some software the is no longer supported but is needed in our work environment.
When KB installs it messes up the system. It has something to do with. Net Framework 3. Apparently the update required does not work to no prevail. When I looked up the error it told me to try disabling antivirus, and to Installation from to : My PC is 3 major updates behind.
Would like to seek advise if running Windows Update is preferable or jumping straight using ISO installation. I've called MS Technical Support and called back 3 times per their instructions which has been a bit challenging due to language issues.
I believe they downloaded an ISO file and a "reset" icon on my desktop Updating from to : I'm on with a day deferral. I want to try a manual update to so I can experiment with getting comfortable with it before the October 9 eol, but the only resources I can find is for How to stop bugged update from installing? This update is bugged and gives me an awful display experience.
I installed windows several times to track it down, and I finally did. Now I need a way to not install it. And uninstalling it after it gets installed is not a solution. If it starts bugging my How to stop Windows 10 upgrade?
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